Are Cultures Diminished or Enhanced Through the Process of Globalization?

Are cultures diminished or enhanced through the process of Globalization? An essay by Jaclyn Macdonald- 389686 Globalization offers opportunities but presents problems. Connectivity between cultures is developing at an exponential rate. This has ramifications for individual cultures. Increased interaction, principally through new media and greater global mobility creates opportunities to enhance cultures but it carries with it the risk of cultural erosion as external influences may overwhelm attitudes, beliefs and values.Globalization is defined as ‘a process in which worldwide economic, political, cultural and social relations become increasingly connected across time and space’ (Thompson, 1995, 149). Globalization is not a modern phenomenon and has its precedents in the empires of Spain, France and Britain among others. The progressive development of economic and political ties of these colonial powers took decades or centuries to come to realization.The rapidity of th is process has been greatly accelerated by the technological and communication developments of recent decades that have facilitated a dramatic increase in global economic, political, cultural and social integration. Consequently, the world has become increasingly interdependent in the areas of travel, communications, trading and finances, all of which contribute towards frequent cultural interactions and greater mobility of people. Globalization brings about a rapidly developing and ever increasing density of the network of interconnections and interdependencies that characterize present-day social life. Globalization lies at the heart of modern culture; culture practices lie at the heart of globalization. This is the reciprocal relationship’ (Tomlinson, 1999). Globalization alone does not determine the shape and character of culture nor is culture the only influence on globalization. Edward Tyler defined culture as ‘that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities acquired by man as a member of society (Thompson, 1991). The evolution of echnology, primarily new social media, has created opportunities for individuals to choose to embrace or dismiss the aspects of the cultures they are exposed to. Additionally, they can run the risk of losing parts of their own cultures to a wave of foreign influences. ‘One of the most widespread theories of cultural globalization is the idea that the world is becoming more uniform and standardized, through a technological, commercial and cultural synchronization emanating from the West’ (Lange, Meier, 2009, 56).Theorists who support cultural homogenization insist that the spread of globalization has lead to an erosion of cultures and traditions. This view infers globalization to be a euphemism for western cultural imperialism, proposing ethnocentricity will eventually eradicate individual cultures. Identity is commonly deemed fundamental to huma n experience ‘Identity is people’s source of meaning and experience’ (Castells, 1997: 6). The ethnocentric view does not recognize that globalization invariably causes individual culture as David Morley comments, migrants ‘moved from a world in which . . identity was not a central concern, to one in which they were pressed . . . to adopt a particular form of individuality’ (Rantanen, 2005). Manuel Castells writes; ‘Our world and our lives are being shaped by the conflicting trends of globalization and identity’. Opposing homogenization theories, Castells explores ‘the widespread surge of powerful expressions of collective identity that challenge globalization . . . on behalf of cultural singularity and people’s control over their lives and environment’ (Castells, 1997: 2).While homogenization theorists suggest that a ‘global culture’ will dominate all others, Castells proposes that the need for identity d rives cultures to remain individual and as such, globalization thus proliferates cultural identities rather than diminishing them. Global homogenization has an impact on culture by directly affecting the production and use of commodities, social relationships, and the dominance of religion in societies. Homogenization†¦ does not affect how people relate to each other and how they find meaning and purpose in life. It leaves largely untouched the freedom and agency of the subjects in the creating and changing culture, both as individual and as groups (Friedman, 1994). Increasing global mobility has produced a fear of the deterioration of cultures however, people are not merely objects of cultural influences but rather, subjects able to consciously discard or assimilate culture. This choice to embrace culture is now augmented.Integrating cultures can contribute to increasing nationalism due to the human need for sense of belonging and identity, Hall writes; ‘when the era of nation-states in globalization begins to decline, one can see a regress to a very defensive and highly dangerous from of national identity which is driven by a very aggressive form of racism (Rantanen, 2005; 97). Nationalism has thrived to accomplish this sense of belonging throughout history and though national identity may not be everlasting it remains today despite increased global mobility.National identities no longer rely on physical location due to media facilitation as people have gained the ability to communicate and access information to connect to their nation. International students at the University of Melbourne encounter this threat to their national identities. They are submerged in a new location for three years or more with cultures incongruent to that of their homeland. They are faced with the diversity of cosmopolitan Melbourne and the culture of the university itself. Isolated from their native culture, international students would easily become overwhelmed by th e lifestyle of their new surroundings.However, through communication programs like Skype, Facebook, and Twitter they are able to stay in closer contact and with greater ease than students in previous times. People of individual cultures naturally relate to others who share their culture and this bond is immediately apparent when viewing the social relationships on the Melbourne University campus. Students of similar backgrounds, ethnicities and languages can often group together on the university campus, insulating themselves from other cultures.Some groups speak in their primary language in order to distinguish themselves from others and of course to communicate more effectively. The difficulty inherent in this is that language can be divisive as well as inclusive. It can be a deterrent to other students initiating a conversation if they feel excluded. Cultural interaction in tutorials is less divided than in the open and unsupervised areas of campus. Though friendships are often f ormed between those of similar cultures, the interactive style of learning typically deems social groups irrelevant.Students necessarily have to communicate more in tutorials with other people. Australia’s tertiary institutions ‘have an important role to play in the shaping of young peoples’ identities and in the development of active citizenship in an increasingly multicultural and globalized society’ (Mansouri, Lobo, 2011). Multicultural tertiary campuses can offer many advantages for their students by facilitating greater social understanding of cultural differences and similarities. Creating a educational environment which nurtures and manages cultural diversity effectively is not an easy task. This management depends on the professional management and governance of teaching and learning activities’, which allows students to develop their full potential’ (Grobler et al. 2006). Increasing numbers of international students have brought abou t a level of insecurity driven by the belief that common values are being eroded because they are distanced from their native lifestyles. The concept, termed deterritorialization, explains the way in which events outside of our immediate localities, ‘action(s) at a distance’ – are increasingly consequential for our experience.Students with migrant backgrounds, who were born in Australia or have lived here for many years, ‘may have issues with their hybrid identity; mediating between two cultures, that of their parents and that of mainstream Australian society’ (Butcher, 2004; 215-216). Specifically, it is argued that people worldwide now develop a bicultural identity, which distracts from their local heritage. When students leave their home country to study in Australia, they are breaking the physical connection to their local heritage. Modern culture is less determined by location because location is increasingly penetrated by ‘distanceâ€℠¢ (Giddens, 1991).Before the advances of communication technologies, people were only aware of their physical surroundings, which limited their reception of information and cultural influences. ‘Places provide an anchor of shared experiences between people and continuity over time†¦ It enables people to define themselves and to share experiences with others and form themselves into communities’ (Bennett, 1998, 103). Global mobility has increased through the process of globalization, which breaks the physical bond between cultural groups.Modern technology works to reconnect people through communication rather than place. ‘In conditions of modernity, place becomes increasingly phantasmagoric: that is to say, locales are thoroughly penetrated and shaped in terms of social influences quite distant from them. (Giddens, 1990: 18-19)’. The customary method of social interaction has in many cultures progressed into global online communication rather than tradi tional face-to-face interaction. The change in interaction method has produced new social relationships. The decreased need for place in communication is evolutionary in culture.People are no longer determined by their physical surroundings as technology provides them with a choice of the information they receive. ‘When we communicate through telephone, radio, or computer, we are physically no longer determined by where and who we are socially (Meyrowitz, 1985: 115). The processes of globalization has evolved concurrently with media technologies, causing telecommunications to be described as the ‘central nervous system’ of the very process of globalization (Castells 1996, Mansell 1994). Media is vital for providing cultural and symbolic resources worldwide, contributing to its success.Barker has observed, ‘globalization has increased the range of sources and resources available for the construction of identity’ (Barker, 1997). According to many theori sts, the sense of place has been fundamentally changed by the arrival of media and communications. ‘Our world is becoming senseless to many because, for the first time in modern history, we are relatively without place; we are part of a global world’. (Meyrowitz, 1985). What many theorists of place have failed to acknowledge is the increasing connectivity, not only between global places, but also within places.Audiences ‘naturally gravitate towards programming choices that appear most relevant or proximate to their own context and thus allow them to seek the pleasure of recognition of their own culture’ (Straubhaar, 1991) or ‘ultimately people like to see something close to their lives’ (Hong, 1998). The process of globalization creates many benefits for enhancing cultures. The evolution of technology, has most significantly, created opportunities for individuals to view culture as a preference rather than compulsory.People are now able to make an informed decision about their adoption of culture through increased information access, ‘the combination of economic, technical, social and cultural resources held by media organizations had meant that ‘quantatively and qualitively†¦ the media have established a decisive and fundamental leadership in the cultural sphere’ (Hall, 1977, p. 341). Many external influences threaten to diminish cultural individuality however; it is the evolutionary influence of globalization, which has allowed culture to be an individual’s choice, which truly enhances culture. References Appadurai, Arjun. Modernity at large: cultural dimensions of globalization. Minneapolis, Minn. : University of Minnesota Press, 1996. †¢ ? Barker, James, Bernard William Tenenbaum, and Fiona Woolf. Governance and regulation of power pools and system operators an international comparison. Washington, D. C. : World Bank, 1997. †¢ ? Bennett, David. Multicultural states rethinking difference and identity. London: Routledge, 1998. †¢ ? Castells, Manuel. The rise of the network society. Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1996. †¢ ? Castells, Manuel. The power of identity. Malden, Mass. Blackwell, 1997. †¢ ? Coppens, Peter. Ideal man in classical sociology: the views of Comte, Durkheim, Pareto, and Weber. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1976. †¢ ? Durkheim, Emile, and George E. G. Catlin. The rules of sociological method. London: Royal National Institute for the Blind, 1976. Print. †¢ ? Flew, Terry. Understanding global media. Basingstoke [England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. †¢ ? Friedman, Jonathan. Cultural identity and global process. London: Sage Publications, 1994. †¢ ? Giddens, Anthony. â€Å"Chapter 2. † The consequences of modernity.Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University Press, 1990. 18-19. †¢ ? Giddens, Anthony. Modernity and self-identity: self and society in the late modern age. Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University Press, 1991. †¢ ? Hall, Alex. Scandal, sensation, and social democracy: the SPD press and Wilhelmine Germany 1890-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977. †¢ ? Hall, Stuart. Modernity and its futures. Cambridge: Polity Press in association with the Open University, 1992. †¢ ? Hall, Stuart. Modernity and its futures. Cambridge: Polity Press in association with the Open University, 1992. ? Hong, Junhao. The internationalization of television in China: the evolution of ideology, society, and media since the reform. Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 1998. †¢ Lange, Hellmuth, and Lars Meier. The new middle classes globalizing lifestyles, consumerism and environmental concern. Dordrecht: Springer, 2009. †¢ ? Mansell, Robin E.. The Management of information and communication technologies: emerging patterns of control. London: Aslib, 1994. †¢ ? Mansouri, Fethi. Migration, citizenship, and intercultural relat ions: looking through the lens of social inclusion.Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2011. †¢ ? Meyrowitz, Joshua. No sense of place: the impact of electronic media on social behavior. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. †¢ Rantanen, Terhi. The media and globalization. London: SAGE, 2005. †¢ ? Straubhaar, Thomas, and Klaus F. Zimmermann. Towards a European migration policy. Munchen: Volkswirtschaftliche Fakultat der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, 1991. †¢ Thompson, J. B. The Media and Modernity. Cambridge: Polity. 1995. †¢ ? Tomlinson, John. Globalization and culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.

Baderman Island Resort: Mission and Vision

Baderman Resort provides its guests various options to relax and entertain themselves at their prime location situated at the shores of the Kelsey river. The resort is self contained with many restaurants of different types, three hotels namely Baderman Main Hotel, The Tenney and Melancon Convention Center and Hotel. Apart form this there is a botanical garden, fairway, recreation center, and a spa. Apart from this the island boasts various shopping and eating locations. An art gallery tops the list with in-house collections and exhibits borrowed from other collections around the world.Baderman being an island resort has services oriented totally towards customer needs. The prime concern for Baderman is to offer its customers a place to relax, be entertained and enjoy their time alone or with their families. With this defined, Badermans mission statement should be as follows: ‘We are in the business of leisure and tourism through providing world class services to our clients in the form of a peaceful, serene environment with the best service and calming atmosphere.We provide scenic views, relaxation and enjoyment for our clients, their families and business colleagues all the while keeping in mind the interests of our stakeholders being owners of restaurants and hotels within the island as well as business partners. ’ This mission statement covers all aspects that a mission statement should cover namely the type of business, service offered to customers and benefit to stakeholders.The statement highlights the right target market being any one who wants to have a good time and quality service at Baderman whether alone, with families or whether to conduct business. Baderman offers everything for any of the above types of customers. Vision: Baderman’s vision should be to keep its scenic views unadulterated and increase the quality level and amount of services that it offers to its customers. It should in the near future train all its employees in hospitality and customer care.It has two choices, either it expands to offer more locations and thus increase its capacity as well to accommodate a larger amount of customers or it finds a niche and attracts a specific set of customers and to do so adds more elements to its current plans. Whatever the route it takes, it will have to make a few changes in the current setup it has and training employees in the long run. It should provide a helipad, a private airstrip, more restaurants with various cuisines, more spas and saunas, sports facilities etc.It can also provide season specific amenities to its guests. In the end it should exercise strict quality management. In the leisure industry, if anything slightly goes wrong, it spreads all over and leaves the resort with a bad name. Bad service to accidents can all be the cause for a bad name. Due to this reason the staff should be properly trained and strict controls will need to be put in order to maintain the highest quality stand ard possible for the targeted market.

Pet Tarantula Pictures and Care Information

Essay on A Rose for Emily , Livivng in the Past - 865 Words

Emily Rose living in the past within isolated realities The theme of a rose for emily How is Emily stuck in the past ! In â€Å"A Rose for Emily, by William Faulkner, the main character Emily Grierson is stuck living in the past within the isolated reality that she’s been forced into and that she herself created. Throughout the story, a major theme, (meaning what the story is about) is Emily’s resistance to change which leads to isolation. This Faulkner classic shows us how Emily became isolated because of her families, community and tradition. Emily’s father considered themselves superior than others in town. . He believed none of the young boys were suitable for Emily, and always chased them away. Her†¦show more content†¦Her unwillingness to change after the civil war was one of the reasons she was so isolated. The narrator tells us twice that Miss Emily is similar to an idol, probably because she was raised to think she was above others, and others were raised to look up to her as well. She was stuck with the mindset that she was better than others, even when the community was changing she believed that she didn’t have to obey the law. She also kept to herself and no one knew anything about her. According to Faulkner, the quote â€Å"†¦A note on paper of an archaic shape, in a thin flowing calligraphy in faded ink†¦Ã¢â‚¬  shows me in a symbolic way, that Emily is stuck in time. The story of Emily is old and dated itself. The author uses the words archaic, calligraphy, and faded. It took me back in time while reading these words, which is exactly what Emily is. Tradition controls the actions of both the town and Emily herself. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† captures the importance tradition holds for her Southern community. The Civil War was an issue of lifestyle. Southerners hung to the lifestyle they had, with the slaves. Tradition was the reason Emily didn’t pay her taxes. Her father was aristocracy and paid no taxes , therefore , Emily refused. When the slavery era passed, the South fell, the lifestyle was torn apart and the economy changed. Old-time families, like Emilie’s, lost their position with their

The Destructive Nature of Industrialization Depicted in...

In Herman Melville’s short stories, â€Å"The Paradise of Bachelors and The Tartarus of Maids,† he juxtaposes the lives of social classes to illustrate the destructive nature of industrialization. Melville demonstrates the separation of classes by his usage of allusions and metaphors. Segregation is a main concern of Melville’s and, the contrast amid the two stories is a representation of the disparity between classes present at that time. While it may seem that the bachelors live the ideal life with all of their luxuries, the bachelors’ hedonistic lifestyle is unsatisfied with their lack of creation. If they are not contributing to society then they must be taking away from society. We learn that their lives are only regurgitations of†¦show more content†¦In reality, the motivation for acquiring control was greed. Melville alludes to the templars of the crusades to exemplify the self righteous characteristics of the upper class. â€Å"The thing called pain, the bugbear styled trouble -- those two legends seemed preposterous to their bachelor imaginations† (Melville 673). The bachelors live in a world above pain. Without pain one cannot relate to others and, as a result the bachelors cannot understand their unfortunate counterparts, the maids. Since the bachelors are not able to relate to anyone other than themselves, they are incapable of partaking in any significant relationships. As a result t he bachelors throw their extravagantly superficial parties in which they tell impersonal stories and gorge on fine food. Melville sarcastically states their care for one another when the narrator says, â€Å"The nine bachelors seemed to have the most tender concern for each others health. All the time, in flowing wine, they most earnestly expressed their sincerest wishes for the entire well-being and lasting hygiene of the gentlemen on the right and on the left† (Melville 672). Melville is saying that the class that rules society lives an unfulfilling life. The business owners do not care or respect their own people enough to take their needs into consideration. The upper class cannot be content because they have not treated the working class justly. In the story, there is a recurrent idea of pain and subjugation. The narrator begins

Critical Literature Review on Ethical Marketing Research

Question: Topics such as online consumer behaviour, engagement with social media and responses to smartphone advertising have become areas of profound interest to the marketing academic and practitioner alike. ...digital technologies have also brought new challenges to doing research in an ethical manner. Questions of privacy and confidentiality, reliability of data collected and distribution of results have become problematic in the digital world where people can perceive they are hiding their identity but actually leave traces of their activities and intentions, and where the rallying cry of the internet [sic] in the 1990s information wants to be free has no fee or ownership.write a literature review (comparing and contrasting different authors views on the subject) that addresses the research ethics that should be employed, and why it is so important; pay particular attention to the Cookie Law of 2011 and the subject of informed consent). Answer: With the advent of new technology and areas of marketing technique, the research on ethical practices surrounding these new developments have become more and more relevant. New and advanced areas in research have emerged in the form of online customer behaviour, consumer engagement using social media as well as advertising through smart phone, which has attracted interest from marketing researchers and practitioner. By virtue of nature of certain processes in these marketing, the research on these aspects often experience different ethical dilemma. Due to these challenges many professionals involve in marketing study do not follow ethical principles to fuller extent and various tactics in misuse of data often surface. Hence it has been considered in research at large that there is need to review various issue in ethical perceptions mainly in marketing practice and research (Aggarwal et al., 2012). As it is well known that post 1990s the challenges for marketing researchers in maintaining ethical integrity have increased enormously lot of care is being taken in many quarter including the practitioners. The job involved in marketing research ethics have greatly some under greater magnitude of scrutiny from consumer bodies and governmental authorities due to a number of practices. Most of such practice emerges from new and advanced technology and sophisticated tools and techniques in marketing research. Mainly the area of concern centres round the relationship between the researcher and the general public and areas of gathering new corporate intelligence. An opinion based article by Clark (2014) tries to unearth the phenomenon of pooling of experience by market researchers and practitioners in the process of overcoming ethics related objections towards some standard level practices in market research mainly in the new digital world culture. In addition the digital technology leads to further challenges in research following ethical approach. The concepts such as privacy and confidentiality at one hand and reliability over the information and their distribution in other have taken more challenging shape. The article has found the contrasting behaviour of people in terms of perception of people to keep the identity confidential vis-a-vis arguing the freedom of information sharing without any cost or ownership as such. New challenges from legal and regulatory authorities are also equally discussed mainly n the line of Cookie Laws during 2011 that warrants need for explicit consent of data users for storing and retrieving the data. These behaviours are seen as producing confusion in ethical aspects in marketing research mainly by the actual meaning of consent, its role in regulating advertisers and protecting users at the same time keeping the latest technology intact and in place. In case of researchers involved in topics of marketing ethics at academic level, further pressure accrue from Ethical Review boards mainly institutional ones, at the time of funding, publications and disseminations (Clark, 2014). The new areas such as digital marketing research, online marketing are increasingly coming under strict scrutiny about issues for coping with conflicts of norms followed by research institutions. Practices such as incentivization to conduct survey and data collection by market researchers and practitioners are another ethical dilemmas that the review boards face online and digital marketing issues. Often the boards claim these practice violate the principles associated of anonymity of participant and their information. These practices are expected to be implemented by academics as well as practitioners following highest standard of ethics in terms of providing incentives in online data collection methods such as surveys. Since the incentivization may be coun ter-productive nature thereby posing more challenges the market researchers, practitioners and academics should take enough precaution without compromising with efficacy of their works (Clark, 2014). Many market researchers have taken a lead in comparison to other research disciplines with a lot of emphasis on ethical aspects (Bernardi et al.2008). Many academics from marketing topics have examined issues on research ethics in several points of view (Hunt and Vitell, 1986) some of which focussed on alterative models in explaining ethical aspects in disentangling the decision-making process of marketing professionals in varying contexts (Murphy and Laczniak 1992). Some studies even have devised a host of issues in marketing ethics which were tested empirically and illustrated conceptually (Hair and Clark 2007).In the backdrop of dramatic change in the processes involved in market research due to use of technology and failure in the part of prior research to systematically analyse the ethical lapses in marketing research and practice, Aggarwal et al. (2012) evaluate the public level perceptions on unethical practices in marketing research. The article tests the perceptual changes a cross time among various practices in research practices. The judgments from marketing professional about ethicality of new marketing research situations both offline and online circumstances. The article also examines the public level judgments on unethical practices in marketing research and found there is a growth in disapproval of such practice among marketing researchers as well as managers, mainly in online environment rather than offline environment. While the frequency of unethical practice is reported higher among practitioners, the tolerance to such practice is lower among the market researchers. Aggarwal et al. (2012) in their study apprehends that such kind of unethical pressures may be occurring with less frequency in most organisation who maintain stronger code of ethics and the employees of such firms being aware of these codes. While many other studies suggest that practitioners believe a code of ethics may have limited effect in contexts where the competitions become intense (Ibrahim et al. 2009), the study by Aggarwal et al. (2012) foresee that the code would continue to exert an positive effect on employees behaviour. The study finds a consensus among people that breaches in ethical code occur infrequently but there continues to have a disapproval of such breach of conductAnother area mostly used in marketing practice and of utmost ethical importance is the informed consent of users and use of cookies my agencies for some sort of research process. The criteria of procuring the consent in online marketing practice and research pose the real ethical challenge in term o f questioning the informed aspect. Millett e al. (2001) in their study examined the process through which the cookie based technology and the web based browser design responds to the concerns related to the informed consent. The study in particular, documents design changes in navigators like Netscape Navigator, Internet Explorer and some others in five year long study from 1995 following a retrospective approach. It found that across subsequent time periods, the cookies were used in terms of invading substantively users privacy, without knowledge of the later (Millett e al. 2001). This is also used in tracking online activity of users across the web sites and frequency of visits into those web sites. These activities and such other concerns have already garnered much attention across countries. The major and continued problem is categorized in terms of involving the informed consent which users have neither been adequately informed on what cookies would do and the use of personal i nformation, nor given adequate choice for declining participation in his process of consent. Hence it is important to understand the process of supporting informed consent through the cookies and web browsers too (Millett e al. 2001). The study by Millett e al. (2001) examined five criteria such as disclosure, voluntariness, comprehension, agreement and competence to assess the performance of cookies, in supporting the informed consent in online marketing practice. The observations of this study dwelt upon the retrospective level analysis and found that even if cookie based technology improved across time in terms of informed consent, still major problems remained existent at large. Of these challenges some may be remedied easily following certain practice in the line of ethical marketing principles such as redesign of Web browsers that allows the users to delete easily the cookies as per convenience or define the date of expiration of cookie. Some other option could be setting of browser preference on Explorer being redesigned for inclusion of comprehensibly and well labelled option for declining all cookies which then be returned to the web sites of the third party. Some remedies may be found to have some diffic ulty in implementation due to changes in levels and browsers. In order to foster usability of and informed consent from the users it may be served when default condition is declined for all cookies. Alternatively, some of the better available options may not be possible enough to be implemented if there is any delay in identifying the actual problems and designing the action to be taken thereof.Besides the ethical issues that that has surfaced in marketing research and practice with the advent of new technology and approaches, stakeholders relationship too has been challenging. A critical review by Murphy and Laczniak. (1992 b) examines closely the role of general public in the form of relevant stakeholder within the space of marketing research since they form the main option of dissemination. Many of the market research outputs are disseminated to public by different medium such as advertising for a host of reasons. The inaccuracy in use of outputs from marketing research may creat e wrong impressions about the results in the public. Any deviation in practice followed in marketing research which may deceive the attention of public can undermine purpose of the enterprise as a whole. The study finds a host of unethical research practice and the repercussion in general public as well as policy makers mainly in 3 points. They are incorrect and incomplete reporting, misleading reporting, and non-objective type of research. The article also find out possible alternative ideas for ethical action in overcoming these challenges altogether. The inaccurate, complete and incorrect findings from the market research and practice when disseminated among the general public can impair research activities which would have been legitimate in nature by spoiling the willingness of public in participating in market survey based research. In addition to these problems, the response rate, statistical level of reliability, quality of response from them and many such outputs can be aff ected adversely. Even the inaccurate findings from market research may pose other serious problems like distorting perception of policy makers over public opinion and issues related to business. Incorrect feedback may even result into misinterpretation of consumer sentiments by policy makers thereby making the research procedure invalid. Misreporting of information resulted from unethical market research can also play as confounding factor for the ability of public in distinguishing valid research findings from invalid market research results. In turn the result of even valid market research results may mix with inconsistent as well as contradictory finding leave the public into a state of indifferentness, confusion and distrustful when they read and interact with research results of the survey based research. At the end, the findings may lead to widespread distorted awareness. Murphy and Laczniak. (1992 b) apprehends that incomplete reporting may occur in a condition in which market practitioners or researchers knowingly or inadvertently leave relevant piece of information from the analyse and a report followed by circulation the same among the general public. This is prevalent among some firms who are involved with undertaking market research and then publicizing in trade press the results out of such research. Commonly omissions occur in facts and figures which the firm itself chooses to unearth the markets components and the areas they are involved in strong distribution and reputation. Hence, the findings of the market research would probably be looking like skewed in certain favourable direction thereby giving wrong reflection about the firms issues. The positive kinds of developments often temper various such practices thereby leading to lower quality and incomplete form of reporting. Instances from recent most practice by major research publication house like Wall Street Journal publishing the poll based information in specific inserts providing full details about the sample drawing procedures and steps in reaching the study respondents in their market research. While some uses may find this information to be not very useful by them, this may provide those people a base and interest to know the basis used for judging and identifying limitations and scientific level validity of the results. Moreover guidelines form expert institutions for public Use of research results out of market research are available to general public giving the details on design, origin and execution of research. Even the study (Murphy and Laczniak, 1992 b) provides detailed repercussion of misleading reporting from market research and ethical underlining on general public, researchers and firms altogether. This misleading reporting practice presents research findings in a way in which the conclusion drawn by intended audience may become unjustified. In n on-objective reporting type of unethical marketing research practice the general public sometime may not be in a position for judging whether the piece of marketing research has been conducted in an objective manner. For this they may continue to rely on the aggregate percentage and read merely the main points of an advertisement without studying the procedure or methodology the research has followed in bringing out the results. Major problem emerge in case of use of the leading type of questions used in the survey research which may promote the finding to public only. Based on a detailed analysis of various stakeholders, their response to the research results, quality and quality of reporting from research results, the article by Murphy and Laczniak (1992 b) provides a host of ideas which can be used by market researchers interested in raising the ethical bar of the profession of market research and practice. Most of these ideas pose to intend as stimulating the thinking process and possible action on implement to the best possible level the ethical policies inside the firms and industries in general. Certain specific option like establishment of ground rules followed by familiarising these rule as ethical standards of market research d practice for people and organisations that the market researchers would deal in day to day life and future. Market researchers treating the clients, respondents, competitors and public at large should follow ethical principle both at legal as well as competitive basis. The professionalization of existing market research could be another option for ethical practice. While market researchers and practitioner should have many more obligations towards clients, respondents and the public, the clients likewise too would owe the market researchers some sense of fairness so as to produce better, durable and ethical results.Based on the understanding of ethical challenges and its effect on market research, several areas can be taken seriously. The experience of practitioners in these areas can be of use to academics too fro proper education and sensitisation. They can be useful in identifying the potential challenges in ethical aspects as well as and developing appropriate options.The discussion on ethical aspects in marketing research suggests some interventions such as resolution of such issues b y use of well defined guidelines which should be and non-negotiable in nature and these should be disseminated widely across organizations and institutions so as to combat unethical conducts. The stakeholders aspects are important equally for ethical reasons. References Aggarwal, Praveen; Vaidyanathan, Rajiv and Castleberry, Stephen (2012). Managerial and Public Attitudes Toward Ethics in Marketing Research, Journal of Business Ethics, 109:463481. Bernardi, R. A., Melton, M. R., Roberts, S. D. and Bean, D. F. (2008). Fostering ethics research: An analysis of the accounting, finance and marketing disciplines. Journal of Business Ethics, 82: 157170. Clark, L. (2014). Opinion Piece - Ethical marketing research in the digital age - How can academics and practitioners work together? Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Practice, 15(4), 258-261. doi: 10.1057/dddmp.2013.54. Brian (1988), Corporate Spies Snoop to Conquer, Fortune, 1: 68-76. Flax, Steven (1984). How to Snoop on Your Competitors, Fortune, 6: 29. Greenbaum, Thomas L. (1988), The Ethics of Focus Group Research, The Practical Handbook and Guide to Focus Group Research. Lexington MA: Lexington Books, 143-9. Hair, N. and Clark, M. (2007). The ethical dilemmas and challenges of ethnographic research in electronic communities. International Journal of Market Research, 49: 781800. Hunt, S. D. and Vitell, S. (1986). A general theory of marketing ethics. Journal of Macro marketing, 6: 5-16. Ibrahim, N., Angelidis, J. and Tomic, I. M. (2009). Managers attitudes toward codes of ethics: Are there gender differences? Journal of Business Ethics, 90: 343353. 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The Impact of 2010 IOM Report on the Future of Nursing Essay Example

The Impact of 2010 IOM Report on the Future of Nursing Paper As time goes on, the nursing profession is becoming more and more popular. The number of new graduates becoming licensed year-to-year evidences this. In addition to becoming more popular, nursing practice has changed enormously over the past 20 years. In order to stay current with the continuously evolving healthcare system, nurses have to evolve as well. The 2010 IOM report offers its recommendations to maximize the quality, availability, and accessibility through improving nursing education, providing opportunities for leadership positions, and ensuring nurses practice to the full extent of their education (National Research Council, 2011). The IOM was able to achieve change in part due to funding from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) (American Nurses Association, 2014, para.1). This paper will focus on the impact of the IOM report on nursing education, nursing practice, and leadership roles for nurses. Nursing Education The 2010 IOM report focused on improving the education system to accommodate the healthcare system dealing with an older and more diverse population than before (Institution of Medicine (IOM) 2011, para.4). In addition, healthcare is focused more on chronic conditions than acute illnesses (IOM, 2011, para.4). Due to this, the IOM report recommended the education system become adaptive enough to change as the needs of patients’ change (IOM, 2011, para.6). Because of these recommendations, states nationwide have already implemented change in their programs. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of 2010 IOM Report on the Future of Nursing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of 2010 IOM Report on the Future of Nursing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of 2010 IOM Report on the Future of Nursing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In Minnesota, a completely new education program was developed to increase student accessibility to a baccalaureate program, which allows students to obtain a higher level of education easily (Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2013). In addition, Medicare has agree to pay to support the training of nurses with the launch of their $200 million demonstration project that takes place in five hospital systems (RWJF, 2013). Furthermore, hospitals have introduced mandatory training programs and optional seminars to further nurse education post licensure. Only three years have passed since the IOM report and the amount of improvements made in nursing education has only continued to increase. Nursing Practice According to the National Research Council, the healthcare system must be transformed prior to providing personalized and unique care to each patient (National Research Council, 2013). In order for this to be effective, outdated policies, regulations, and cultural barriers will need to be removed (National Research Council, 2013). The effect the IOM Report has on primary care is its possible merger with health promotion (IOM, 2012). Because primary care and health promotion are such different entities, a complete merger would be ineffective. Rather, cooperation between the two was deemed more effective (IOM, 2012). This way primary care and health promotion can remain separate entities still. In order to meet the goals of the IOM report, I would encourage my practice to expand the diversity of the staff. The more diverse a practice is, the fewer the cultural barriers we need to overcome. In addition, I would stress the importance of individualized care given to each patient. To accomplish this, I would put a stronger emphasis on the individualized care plans for each patient. Nursing practice must evolve as our population and society in general evolves to ensure the most updated, individualized, and relevant care possible. Nursing Leadership Roles The 2010 IOM Report recommended nurses to pursue leadership roles in their healthcare setting. In addition, the report also recommends nurses to be full partners with the physicians and other members of the healthcare team to effectively increase the quality of care given to the patients (National Research Council, 2013). Because nurses are such strong advocates for patients, it would truly benefit the patient to have nurses participating in leadership roles. According to the American Association of Colleges of Nursing, embedding leadership development into the nursing curriculum will have a positive effect on the amount of nurses fulfilling leadership roles in their healthcare setting (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, n.d). As a nurse, I have seen plenty of new graduates over the years. As time goes on, it is evident how better prepared and more motivated the new graduates are from the previous graduates for these leadership roles. Conclusion Based on the 2010 IOM Report, our nation is more than capable of accomplishing a complete reformation of our healthcare that will maximize the availability, accessibility, and quality of care given to patients. Nurses, especially, have the opportunity to play the most vital role in the reformation process. Changes in nursing education, nursing practice, and the increase in nurse leadership roles are only a few of the ways change can occur.